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SEBUTAPE®
1. Measurement
of sebum output using a lipid absorbent tape. K. M. Nordstrum, H.
G. Schmus, K. J. McGinley, and J. J. Leyden, Journal of Investigative
Dermatology, Vol. 87, p260 (1986).
2. Follicule to Follicule Heterogeneity of Sebum Excretion. G.E. Pierard, Dermatologica,
Vol. 173, p61 (1986).
3. Seborrhea in Acne-Prone and Acne-Free Patients. G.E. Pierard, C. Pierard-Franchimont,
and T. Le, Dermatologica Vol 175 p5 (1987).
4. An Update on the SEBUTAPE® Technique. G. Pierard and A.M. Kligman
in "Acne and related disorders" edited by Marks and Plewig, Martin
Dunitz Ltd., publishers (1989).
5. Seasonal Modulation of Sebum Excretion. C. Pierard-Franchimont, G. E. Pierard
and A. M. Kligman, Dermatologica, Vol 181, p21 (1990).
6. Rhythm of Sebum Excretion during the Menstrual Cycle. C. Pierard-Franchimont,
G. E. Pierard, A. M. Kligman, Dermatologica Vol 182 p 211(1991).
7. Formation of oiliness and sebum output-comparison of a lipid-absorbent and
occlusive-tape method with photometry. J. Serup, Clin Exp Dermatol.
Vol.16, p258-263. (1991) (Abstract not available)
8. A Comparison of the Kinetics of Sebum Secretion in Young Women with and without
Acne. C. Pierard-Franchimont, G. E. Pierard, D. Saint-Leger, J.
L. Leveque, A.M. Kligman. Dermatologica Vol 183, p120 (1991).
9. The SEBUTAPE® technique for monitoring androgen
dependent disorders. G. Pi®©rard and C. Pi®©rard-Franchimont,
European Journal of Medicine, Vol. 1, p109 (1992).
10. Effect of a Topical Erythromycin-Zinc Formulation on Sebum Delivery. Evaluation
by a Combined Photometric - Multi-Step Samplings with SEBUTAPE®.
Pierard, Pierard-Franchimont, Clin. Exp. Dermatol., Vol. 18, p410
(1993)
11. Determination of Density of Follicles on Various Regions of the Face by Cyanoacrylate
Biopsy: Correlation with Sebum Output. Pagnoni, Kligman, El Gammal,
and Stoudemayer, Brit. J. Dermatol., Vol. 131, p862-865, (1994)
12. Kinetics of Sebum Excretion Evaluated by the SEBUTAPE® Chromameter
Technique. Pierard, Pierard-Franchimont, Kligman, Skin Pharmacol;
Vol. 6, p38-44. (1993)
13. An improved procedure for quantitative analysis of sebum production using SEBUTAPE®
. Pagnoni, Kligman, el Gammal, Popp, & Stoudemayer, J. Soc.
Cosmet. Chem. Vol. 45, p221-224 (1994)
Chapters in Handbooks with SEBUTAPE® citations.
Handbook of Non-invasive Methods and the Skin, Serup, J., and Jemec, G.B.E.,
Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
Chapter 24.1 Sebum-Absorbent Tape and Image Analysis
Bioengineering of the Skin: Methods and Instrumentation, Berardesca E, et al, Editors
CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
Chapter 8. Sebum
Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Surface Imaging and Analysis, Wilhelm, K-P, et
al, Editors CRC Press, Boca Raton, in press Fall 1996.
Part IIA Chapter 8. Use of SEBUTAPE® assessed by Image Analysis
to Measure Sebaceous Gland Activity
D-SQUAME®
1. Skin Surface Stripping in Diagnosing and Monitoring Inflammatory, Xerotic, and
Neoplastic Diseases. Pierard-Franchimont and Pierard, Pediatric
Dermatology, 2, p180 (1985).
2. Assessment of aging and actinic changes by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings.
Pierard-Franchimont and Pierard, American Journal of Dermatopathology
9, p500 (1987).
3. A Simple Method for the Study of Scale Pattern and Effect of a Moisturizer....
Serup, Winther and Blichmann, Clinical Experimental Dermatology
14 p277 (1989).
4. The Sticky Slide-Surface Biopsy Method for Studying the Microanatomy and Microtopography
of the Skin Surface. Obata, Kligman and Stoudemayer, 1988 AAD Scientific
Exhibit.
5. Review of the Instrumental Assessment of Skin: Effects of Cleansing Products.
Kajs and Gartstein, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 42, 249-271 (July/August,
1991)
6. The Three-hour Test for Rapid Comparison of Effects of Moisturizers and Active
Constituents (Urea). Serup, Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992; Suppl.
177:29-33
7. New Approaches to Assess Topical Corticosteroid Bioequivalence: Pharmacokenetic
Evaluation. Pershing, Intern. J. Derm., Vol. 31, Suppl. 1, October
1992 14-20.
8. Squamometry: The Assessment of Xerosis by Colorimetry of D-SQUAME® Adhesive
Discs. Pierard, Pierard-Franchimont, St. Leger and Kligman, J. Soc
Cosmet. Chem., 47, 297-305 (November/December 1992)
9. Quantification of Dry (Xerotic) Skin by Image Analysis of Scales Removed by Adhesive
Discs (D-SQUAME® ). Schatz, Kligman, Manning, and Stoudemayer,
J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 44, 53-63 (January/February 1993).
Chapters in Handbooks with D-SQUAME® citations.
Handbook of Non-invasive Methods and the Skin, Serup, J., and Jemec, G.B.E.,
Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995.
Chapter 7.2. Sticky Slides and Tape Techniques to Harvest Stratum
Corneum
Chapter 7.3 Dry Skin and Scaling Evaluated by D-SQUAME®
Disks and Image Analysis
Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Surface Imaging and Analysis, Wilhelm, K-P, et
al, Editors CRC Press, Boca Raton, in press Fall 1996.
Part I. Anatomy of the Skin Surface
Part IIA Chapter 2. D-SQUAME® Adhesive Disks
Part IV Chapter 5. Dry Skin (Xerosis): Clinical Scoring and Instrumental
Characterization
ABSTRACTS OF JOURNAL ARTICLES
SEBUTAPE®
1. ABSTRACT: A sebum absorbent tape is introduced as a reproducible and convenient
method for estimation of sebaceous gland output. We have tested
the reproducibility by serial measurement of sebum excretion rates
(SER) of 10 individuals over a 6-week period, and in addition have
correlated this method with the conventional hexane extraction technique.
The sebum absorbent tapes gave consistent values for the SER's,
and within subjects variation over the 6-week period was statistically
non-significant. A coefficient of variation for the tapes was calculated
as 16.25 ± 6.78% based on these serial measurements.
Furthermore, the amount of total lipid collected using this technique
(n= 16) correlated well with the hexane extraction technique, r
= 0.89. Free fatty acids (r = 0.87), triglicerides (r = 0.92), wax
and cholesterol esters (r = 0.83), and squalene (r = 0.88) also
showed good correlation. Cholesterol occasionally suffered from
incomplete separation on thin layer chromatograms; however, a sample
cleanup procedure was developed for tape extracts that removed interfering
and allowed complete separation of all sebum components.
2. ABSTRACT: We have evaluated the normal variations in the sebum
excretion rate from follicle to follicle on the forehead by using
the noninvasive techniques of the Lipometre*and SEBUTAPE®.
For a given overall amount of sebum excreted to the surface of
the skin during a limited period of time, both the number of active
sebaceous follicles and the amount of lipids excreted by them
may vary. Significant intraindividual and interindividual differences
may be found for these parameters. Such a noninvasive approach
to the biology of sebaceous glands represents a new tool allowing
a precise evaluation of diseases of the sebum excretion and of
their treatments
3. ABSTRACT: We have studied the relationship between seborrhoea
and acne by using the Lipometre* and SEBUTAPE®
films. Seborrhoea is more intense in acne-prone than in acne-free
patients. For a given overall amount of sebum excreted, the individual
activity of sebaceous follicles differs in the two groups of individuals
tested. Seborrhoea in acne-prone patients is due to the presence
of some highly active follicles that are almost never encountered
in acne-free patients.
4. ABSTRACT: For many years the only practical way to grade the
activity of sebaceous glands relied on techniques providing only
a global estimate of the amount of sebum present on a given surface
of the skin. That area was obviously large compared with the size
of the openings of sebaceous follicles. Thus, any difference existing
between the activity of individual sebaceous follicles was impossible
to demonstrate by these approaches. Quite recently a new tool
called SEBUTAPE® (CuDerm Corporation, Dallas, USA)
was introduced to study the sebum excretion at the level of the
follicular unit. The aim of this paper is to provide an update
concerning the SEBUTAPE® technique.
5. ABSTRACT: It is currently agreed that ambient temperature influences the sebum
excretion rate. By using the SEBUTAPE® technique we have
confirmed this concept, which is related to an increased delivery
of sebum to the surface of the skin without an increment in the
number of active sebaceous follicles.
6. ABSTRACT: We studied by the SEBUTAPE® technique variations in the
sebum excretion and in the number of active sebaceous glands during
3 consecutive menstrual cycles. In seborrheic women we found cyclic
changes with a maximum sebum excretion during the week before menstruation.
In women with a low sebum production, no changes were found.
7. ABSTRACT: We utilized a sebum-sensitive adhesive film, SEBUTAPE®,
to visualize the pore patterns of women with and without acne with
computerized image analysis. In normal young women, we found a positive
correlation between the number of active sebaceous follicles and
total sebum excretion. When seborrhea was intense, this correlation
was however lost. The situation was more complex in acne. The severity
of seborrhea was positively correlated with the mean sebum excretion
of individual follicles but not with the number of active follicles.
8. ABSTRACT: Sebaceous gland function is androgen dependent in man
and animals. Many studies have suggested a relationship between
the rate of sebum excretion and the severity of androgen-dependent
disorders. We present a review of a recently developed non-invasive
method to accurately measure sebum excretion. The SEBUTAPE®
technique provides information that may be used in monitoring androgen-dependent
disorders and in screening the efficacy of antiandrogens.
9. ABSTRACT: Zinc displays "in vitro" some antiandrogen activity through
an inhibition of the 5 alpha-reductase activity. The clinical relevance
of this effect is unknown, particularly during zinc therapy of acne.
As sebum production could be a pharmacological target, we used a
sensitive method ofr measuring the rate of sebum delivery to the
skin surface during treatment with a topical 4% erythromycin-1.2%
zinc acetate formulation. A series of four successive one-hour samplings
with SEBUTAPE® was taken to derive the rate of sebum
output from the slope of the regression line given by cumulative
data. We used as control the classical photmetric method. Such combined
evaluation revealed a sebosuppressive effect for the tested topical
zinc formulation.
10. ABSTRACT:
The density of follicles on various regions of the human face has
received scant attention. We used cyanoacrylate surface biopsies
to determine the number of follicles on the forehead, cheek, chin
and nose of healthy adult white women. Sebum output was assessed
on the same regions by means of SEBUTAPE®. The density
of follicles and sebum output followed a centro-lateral decreasing
gradient. There was no correlation between these two parameters.
These regional patterns are important for studies of the pathogenesis
of common disorders of the face and their response to treatment.
11. ABSTRACT:
We present a novel method for studying the changing characteristics
of sebum excretion of facial skin over a 3-hour period. Sebum production
can be quantified by analysis of the pore patterns formed on a sebum-sensitive
tape (SEBUTAPE® ). We applied the CIE principles of reflectance
colorimetry by measuring L*, a* and b* of SEBUTAPE® every
15 min during 3 h of sebum collection. This combined technique yielded
valuable new information on the kinetics of sebum excretion, allowing
the distinction between the follicular reservoir effect and the
sebum flow.
12. SUMMARY:
Describes observations related to storage conditions of SEBUTAPE®
which has been used to collect sebum samples. Makes recommendations
for optimal storage and analysis conditions to enhance the accuracy
and reliability of the the SEBUTAPE® method.
D-SQUAME®
1. ABSTRACT: Skin surface stripping is a useful and simple diagnostic tool for
the diagnosis of a number of diseases that affect the skin during
childhood and adolescence. The procedure has proved to be especially
valuable in inflammatory, xerotic, and neoplastic conditions as
it provides information regarding pathologic changes as well as
diagnosis.
2. ABSTRACT:
Cyanoacrylate skin surface stripping is a simple noninvasive approach
that is useful in the evaluation of a number of changes affecting
the skin during aging and chronic sun exposure. The procedure has
proved to be especially valuable in the diagnosis of some inflammatory,
xerotic, neoplastic, and dermal atrophic changes. It can also be
used to monitor therapy. The technique of computerized image analysis
is also conveniently applied to such material.
3. ABSTRACT:
A new tape (D-SQUAME® tape) made for scale pattern assessments
was used to study epidermal effects of an oil-in-water emulsion
applied at random to forearm skin of 16 volunteers. The contralateral
forearm served as an untreated control. The emulsion was applied
twice daily for 7 days. Tapes were assessed visually in a medical
viewer, and a special system for measurement of optical transmission
of the tapes was established. Visual evaluation showed (Day 7) an
altered pattern in nine volunteers with an absence of flakes on
the treated side, which was not seen on the control side. The optical
transmission of the tapes from the 16 volunteers was significantly
increased in samples from the test side (P<0*001). One week after
cessation of treatment the transmission was still increased (P<0*02),
and one volunteer presented an altered scale pattern according to
visual grading. Measurements of electrical conductance and capacitance,
both parameters of epidermal hydration, gave similar results, i.e.
increased values on Day 7 and increased conductance 1 week later.
Thus, the epidermal effects of the emulsion were protracted. Evaluation
of the tape method showed this to be reproducible and valid. The
method is easy to use and suited for qualitative and quantitative
evaluation of variations in the scale pattern of human skin.
4. ABSTRACT: The topography of the skin surface and the microtopography
and cytology of individual corneocytes can be quickly evaluated
in detail by a two-stage non-invasive sampling technique. An adhesive
coated glass slide removes one or more layers of corneocytes which
after staining with hematoxylin and eosin are examined both by
light and fluorescence microscopy. A secondsample from the same
site is obtained by a slide containing a drop of cyanoacrylate
(crazy glue) pressed to the surface for 30 secondsand then stained
with toluidine blue.
5. ABSTRACT: The role of biophysical instrumental techniques assessing
the effect of cleansing products on the skin is reviewed. Commercially
available instruments can measure numerous skin characteristics:
water holding, color, blood microcirculation, viscoelastic properties,
surface profile, and desquamation. These noninvasive techniques
can be used in concert with expert and consumer evaluations of
visual and tactile changes. The use of multiple instruments is
recommended to test the broad spectrum of surfactant and soap
effects. Key requirements for accurate and reproducible measurements
include a controlled environment, acclimation of subjects, standard
measurement procedures, realistic product application protocols,
and qualified operators.
6. ABSTRACT:
An in vivo skin test for rapid comparison of the efficacy of moisturizers
is introduced. Test substances were applied to flexor side forearm
skin, and measurements by non-invasive techniques were performed
after 3 h. As indicators of epidermal hydration, the electrical
conductance and capacitance were measured. To quantify the effects
on scale pattern, D-SQUAME® tapes were scored and the
optical transmission measured. Moreover, skin surface lipids resulting
from lotion lipids were measured. Lotions and different concentrations
of urea could be ranked in a consistent way, viz. Untreated skin<vehicle<
3% urea lotion. Urea was concluded to be very potent as a skin humidifier
and as a descaling agent, particularly in 10% concentration. Humidity
characteristics correlated much better with the concentration of
urea than with lipidization of the skin surface due to lotion lipids.
A 3-hour test period was sufficient for the evaluation of the effects
of moisturizers on both epidermal hydration and scale pattern. With
a rapid test method, sources of variation such as diurnal and day-today
variations, dosage and non-compliance are easily controlled. Further
, by using non-invasive methods, the assessment has been rendered
objective.
7. ABSTRACT:
An ideal method for measuring the bioavailability of topical corticosteroids
should be simple, accurate, and adaptable to a variety of settings
and should not require extensive special training to perform. Drug
uptake into the stratum corneum, measured by tapestripping, is correlated
with the pharmacodynamic response of skin blanching, observed in
the vasoconstrictor assay. Differences in stratum corneum drug uptake
can be objectively quantitated as a function of time, occlusion,
dose applied, and vehicle. Tapestripping measurements are reproducible
within individual subjects, but large interindividual variablities
may exist. The chromameter, a new technology, objectively quantitates
color numerically and can be used to measure skin blanching as part
of the pharmacodynamic response to topical corticosteroids. The
chromameter offers an easy, objective method with which to quantitate
the pharmacodynamic response of topical corticosteroids. Both methods
allow a more mechanistic approach than currently used methods to
investigate topical drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
8. ABSTRACT:
Clinical grading of the level of scaling in winter xerosis is highly
subjective and crude. We have developed noninvasive objective methods
to obtain more reliable information. Photographic records of epiluminescence
microscopy and of cyanoacrylate skin surface biopsies enable greatly
improved visualization of the scaly surface. These evaluations,
however, remain semiquantitative. A real quantitative assessment
is achieved by collecting corneocytes on adhesive discs (D-SQUAME®)
under standardized pressures, and by staining them with toluidine
blue and basic fuchsin. The specimen is then subjected to colorimetry
in the chroma C*mode to estimate the quantity of scales.
9. ABSTRACT: Clinical grading of dry (xerotic) skin is unreliable,
being influenced by several variables, especially ambient humidity.
We utilized commercially available adhesive-coated discs ( D-SQUAME®
) to sample the outer portion of the stratum corneum. A procedure
was then developed using image analysis to quantify the degree
of scaling, using two parameters: 1) the percentage area covered
by scales and 2) the distribution of scales according to five
thickness levels. There two values were mathematically integrated
into one final value, the desquamation index. We showed that image
analysis accurately distinguished the intensity of scaling among
individuals whose legs were, respectively, non-dry, moderately
dry, and severely dry. The method was especially valuable for
quantifying the differing efficacies of three moisturizers evaluated
by regression procedure. |
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